Archivos mensuales: abril 2018

New therapy in aphasia

30 lunes Abr 2018

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afasia

After a traumatic brain injury (TBI) or cerebrovascular accident (CVA), the brain undergoes several healing and re-organization processes, which may result in improved language function.

 
Aphasia afects about 2 million people in the US and 220.000 people in Great Britain.
Patients suffering from stroke usually have associated aphasia. In the University of Malaga (UMA), intensive therapy has been created that improves this types of patients. The therapy has been developed in the unit of the CIMES (cognitive neurology and aphasia unit of the Medico-Sanitary Research Center). The director of the unit is teh neurologist Marcelo Berthier.

 
Aphasia is an inability to comprehend and formulate language because of damage to specific brain regions. This damage is typically caused by a cerebral vascular accident (stroke), or head trauma; to be diagnosed with aphasia, a person´s speech or language must be significantly impaired in one (or several) of the four communication modalities following acquired brain injury or have significant decline over a short time period (profressive aphasia).

 
The four communication modalities are:

• Auditory comprehension
• Verbal expression
• Reading and writing
• Functional communication
The difficulties of people with aphasia can range from occasional trouble finding words to losing the ability to speak, read, or write; intelligence, however, is unaffected.
Aphasia symptoms can vary based on the location of damage in the brain. Aphasia is most often caused by stroke, but any diseases or damage to the parts of the brain that control language can cause aphasia. Some of these can include brain tumors, traumatic brain injury, and progressive neurological disorders. In acute disorders, such as hedad injury or stroke, aphasia usually develops quickly. When caused by brain tumor, infection, or dementia, it develops more slowly.
Aphasia can also sometimes be caused by damage to subcortical structures deep within the let hemisphere, including the thalamus, the internal and external capsules, and the caudate nucleus of the basal ganglia. Most classifications of the aphasias tend to divide the various symptoms into broad clases. A common approach is to distinguish between the fluent aphasias and the nonfluent aphasias. There is wide variation among people even within the same broad grouping, and aphasias can be highly selective.

 

Major characteristics o different types of aphasia according to the Boston classification:
• Individuals with Wernicke´s aphasia: receptive or fluent aphasia, long sentences that have no meaning, unnecessary words, create new words.
• Individuals with Broca´s aphasia: frequently speak short, nonfluent aphasia.
• Individuals with anomic aphasia: have difficulty with naming.
• Individuals with transcortical sensory aphasia: the most general, déficits in receptive aphasia.
• Global aphasia: impacts expressive and receptive language, reading and writing.

Cortex:
• Expressive aphasia
• Recepttive aphasia
• Conduction aphasia
• Transcortical motor aphasia and transcortical sensory aphasia

 

The shortage of materials for the rehabilitation o aphasia in Spanish, is an intensive and ecological therapy based on neuroscientific principles called Constrint-Induced Aphasia Therapy (CIAT) , the name of group is REGIA (Intensive Group Rehabilitation o Aphasia).
Name: Regia. Intensive Group Rehabilitation of Aphasia.
Authors: Marcelo L. Berthier; Cristina Green Heredia, Rocio Juarez Ruiz de Mier, J. Pablo Lara and Friedemann Pulvermuller.
Provenance: TEA Editions, 2014
Application: Collective (patients are recommended per group)
Scope of application: Adult aphasic patients.
Duration: three hours a day for two consecutive weeks.
Purpose: Rehabilitation of language.
Material: Manual, 1.100 cards, registration booklets and 4 panels separators.
The therapy consists in giving 30 hours of rehabilitation in two weeks, it is applied by speech therapists, so intensive is more effective than few hours in 6 months. The intensive therapy consists of 2 card sets with 550 cards, each group consists o 3 aphasic patients and a therapist, in each game 12 cards are distributed with drawings o objects, where each patient asks for a letter to another, establishing a communication.

 

 

Combining stem cells with an experimental grug could repair brain damage after suffering a stroke. This has been achieved so far only in mice, but if proven effective in human patients would mean a real revolution in the treatment of thousands of people who suffer a stroke every year.
The study appears in the journal “Nature Medicine”, involves the injection o stem cells into the brain after suffering stroke. By adding this medicine (called 3K3A-APC), it is posible to prolong the life of the stem cells and become neurons. These make functional and structural connections with the nervous system. Activated protein C (APC) is a blood protease with anticoagulant activity and cell-signalling activities mediated by the activation of protease-activated receptor 1 and F2RL1.

 

Recombinant variants of APC, such as the 3k3A-APC have shown benefits in preclinical models of ischemic stroke, brain trauma, multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, sepsis, ischemic and reperfusion injury of heart, kidney and liver, pulmonary, kidney and gastrointestinal inflammation, diabetes and lethal body radiation. Which suggests the potential for APC-based treatment as a strategy for structural repair in the human central nervous (CNS) system.

BrocasAreaSmall
Broca and Wernicke were some of the first to write about aphasia, Wernicke was the first credited to have written extensively about aphasia being a disorder that contained comprenhension difficulties.
Pierre Paul Broca (1824-1880) was a French physician, anatomist and antrhopologist. He is known for his research on Broca´s area , a región of the frontal lobe that has been named after him. Broca´s area is involved región of the frontal lobe that has been named after him, patients with aphasia contained lesions in a particular part of the cortex, in the left frontal región.
Carl Wernicke (1848-1905) was a German physician, anatomist, psychiatrist and neuropathologist. He is known for forms of encephalopathy and Wernicke´s aphasia.

 

Are some precautions which decreasing the risk o stroke, the main cause of aphasia:
• Exercising regularly
• Eating a healthy diet
• Keeping alcohol consumption and tobacco
• Controlling blood pressure
Specific treatment techniques include the following:
• CART: Copy and Recall Therapy
• VIC: Visual Communication Therapy
• VAT: Visual Action Therapy
• FCT. Functional Communication Treatment
• PACE: Promoting Aphasic´s Communicative Effectiveness
• MIT: Melodic Intonation Therapy
• SFA: Semantic feature analysis

 

Bibliography:

 

• Bolte Taylor, Jill ; “My Stroke of Insight”, Ed. Penguin Books, 2009

 

• WHO Aphasia
http://www.who.int/topics/cerebrovascular_accident/en/

 

• Yaoming Wang, Zhen Zhao, Sanket V Rege, Min Wang, Gabriel Si, Yi Zhou, Su Wang, John H Griffin, Steven A Goldman & Berislav V Zlokovic ; “3K3A–activated protein C stimulates postischemic neuronal repair by human neural stem cells in mice” Nature Medicine volume 22, pages 1050–1055 . 2016

 

• Berthier, M. L.; Green Heredia, C; Juarez Ruiz de Mier, R; Lara, J.P and Pulvermuller, F; “Rehabilitación Grupal Intensiva de la Afasia”, REGIA; TEA Ediciones, 2014

 

  • Wikipedia

 

Relationed links:

 

• REGIA

Haz clic para acceder a REGIA_Extracto_manual.pdf

• Nature
http://www.nature.com/articles/nm.4154

 

• ARPA
https://arpaafasia.es/terapia-experimental-para-dano-cerebral/

 

• American speech-language-hearing association
https://www.asha.org/public/speech/disorders/Aphasia/

 

 

 

 

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Disruption Type 1 diabetes mellitus

21 sábado Abr 2018

Posted by in Bioquímica, CIENCIA

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Current therapies in type I diabetes suppress immune attack or neutralize substances that promote inflammation. This is an innovative strategy that decreases the immune process and promotes the survival and function of beta cells, which produce insulin.
Researchers from the Andalusian Center for Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine (Cabimer) in Seville and the Biomedical Research Institute of Malaga (Ibima) have identified a molecule that reverses the symptoms of type I diabetes in laboratory mice, published on April 16 in «Nature Communications».
On the surface of the beta cells of pancreatic islets is the LRH-1 protein whose activation is produced by the experimental molecule BL001, supplied by injections, activating LRH-1 favors the inflammatory medium and promotes the regeneration of beta cells. This molecule slows the type I diabetic.
Diabetes mellitus (DM), is a group o metabolic disorders in which there are high blood sugar levels over a prolonged period. Diabetes is due to either pancreas not producing enough insulin or the cells of the body not responding properly to the insulin produced.

 

There are three main types of diabetes mellitus:
a) Type I DM results from the pancreas´s failure to produce enough insulin.
b) Type 2 DM begins with insulin resistance, a condition in which cells fail to respond to insulin properly.
c) Gestational diabetes is the third main form, and occurs when pregtnant women without a previous history of diabetes develop high blood sugar levels.

As of 2015, an estimated 415 million people had diabetes worldwide, with type 2DM marking up about 90% of the cases, and 10% 1DM.

IMG_0071
Type 1 diabetes mellitus is characterized by loss of the insulin-producing beta cells of the pancreatic islets, leading to insulin deficiency. This type can be further classified as immune-mediated or idiopathic, in which a T cell-mediated autoinmune attack leads to the loss of beta cells and thus insulin. Type 1 diabetes can affect children or adults, but was traditionally termed “juvenile diabetes” because a majority of these diabetes cases were in children. Type 1 diabetes is partly inherited, with multiple genes, including certain HLA genotypes, known to influence the risk of diabetes.
Current therapies focused on repressing the immune attack or stimulating beta cell regeneration still have limited clinical efficacy.

 
Liver receptor homologue-1 (LRH-1) is a nuclear receptor that repress inflammation in digestive organs and protects pancreatic islets against apoptosis. BL001 a small LRH-1 agonist, impedes hyperglycemia progression and the immune-dependent inflammation of páncreas, while incrasing beta cell mass and insulin secretion.
The liver receptor homolog-1 (LRH-1, or NR5A2) is a memeber of the NR5A family of nuclear receptors, which plays a pivotal role in early embryonic development, and specifies the endodermal lineage. In the páncreas, LRH-1 regulates the expression of genes involved in digestive functions, and protects endocrine islets against cytokine-and streptozotocinglucocorticoids biosynthesis.

Long –term in vivo administration of BL001 prevents the development of diabetes in mice, throught the combined maintenance of a functional islet beta cell mass and the release of antiinflammatory factors. BL001 activates LHR-1 without cytotoxic or metabolic effects. BL001 protects human islets against apoptosis and rescues insulin secretion in islets of type 2 diabetic donors.
The new drug has been successfully tested in mice and human cell cultures, needs to demonstrate the efficacy and safety of clinical trials, to be used in humans, thus preventing and treating the disease. The drug causes the transformation of alpha cells into beta cells, a phenomenon known as «transdifferentiation«.

Bibliography:

• LRH-1 agonism favours an immune-islet dialogue which protects against diabetes mellitus; nature comunicationsNature Communicationsvolume 9, Article number: 1488 (2018)
doi:10.1038/s41467-018-03943-0
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-018-03943-0

• WHO diabetes mellitus
http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs138/en/

 

 

 

Arnaldo de Villanueva médico de Reyes y Papas

14 sábado Abr 2018

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Nacido en Villanueva de Jiloca (Zaragoza), fue médico, teólogo y embajador de grandes reyes de la monarquía y del clero de su época. Fue el médico más importante del mundo latino medieval. Médico galenista, con un conocimiento profundo de la ciencia transmitida, elaboró una doctrina propia y dirigió la práctica clínica.
Transmitiendo el saber del mundo clásico, realizó traducciones de Galeno y de los autores médicos árabes dominando la medicina bajomedieval.

 
¿Pero cómo estaba la medicina en la época de Arnaldo?

 
En el sur de Nápoles se fundó en el siglo X la Escuela de Salerno, institución médica docente y asistencial. Constantino el Africano (comerciante del norte de África) impulsó dicha Escuela, viajó por el mundo islámico conociendo su medicina. Convertido Constantino al cristianismo se instala como monje en el Monasterio de Monte Cassino, y traduce al latín los escritos de médicos árabes.
A partir del siglo XI comienza a tecnificarse lo que hasta entonces había sido el “oficio de curar”. Desde el siglo XII al XIII se produce el tránsito desde las escuelas capituales a los “Estudios generales” y las Universidades. De entre las escuelas, la que tuvo más importancia fue la de Montpellier, heredando el prestigio de la de Salerno. Ligada a la Corona de Aragón.
En el siglo XIII la medicina se establece la figura del “físico” en el Titulo XVI del Libro IV del Fuero Real promulgado por Alfonso X, debía ser aprobado por los establecidos en el lugar, reconocido por el alcalde, se desarrollan los gremios medievales contratando un médico para atender a sus miembros.

arnau

El “físico” aragonés nace en Villanueva de Jiloca rondando el año 1240, emigró con su familia al Reino de Valencia. En 1260 estudia Medicina en Montpellier. En 1280 era ya médico de prestigio. Diez años después es maestro de la Escuela de Montpellier. En 1299 se traslada a Francia en misión diplomática.
Villanova tuvo una activa intervención en la vida política de su tiempo, gozó de la amistad de Jaime II, la tolerancia de Bonifacio VIII y la benevolencia de Clemente V.

 

Fue ante todo “magister medicinae”, clínico práctico, profesor y autor de importante obra médica. Médico escolástico, formado con los textos clásicos de Hipócrates y Galeno.
Su obra médica se compone de 27 títulos auténticos y 51 atribuibles:
“Regimen sanitatis ad Regem Aragonum” fue escrito hacia 1307 para el rey Jaime II de Aragón. Consta de 18 capítulos: Sección Primera (seis cosas naturales que preservan 1-7), Sección Segunda (cosas que sustentan 8-17), Apéndice (atención de hemorroides 18).
“Parábolas de la medicación” aforismos de intención nemotécnica.
“De húmido radicale” obras de doctrina médica.
“De considerationibus operis medicinae” práctica médica.
“Speculum medicinae” síntesis de la práctica médica.
“De graduatibus medicinarum” exposición de farmacología básica.
“Simplicia y Antidotarium” extensos catálogos de medicamentos simples y compuestos.

 

Murió septuagenario en Génova el 8 de septiembre de 1311.

 

Bibliografía:
• Gascón Villaplana, P “Estudio sobre Arnau de Vilanova”, Medicina e Historia.1975

 

• Paniagua Areliano, Juan Antonio, “Estudios y notas sobre Arnau de Vilanova” Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas.
“El maestro Arnau de Vilanova, médico “Fundación Uriach, Barcelona, 1994

 

• Universidad de Valencia: Historia de la Medicina http://historiadelamedicina.org/Fundamentos/2_5.html

 

Links relacionados:

 

• Instituto de Historia y Filosofía de la Medicina y de Las Ciencias “Arnau de Vilanova”
http://censoarchivos.mcu.es/CensoGuia/fondoDetail.htm?id=94526

 

• Biblioteca digital Mundial: “Regimen Sanitatis ad regum Aragonum”
https://www.wdl.org/es/item/15400/

 

 

The Physical Basis of Personality

08 domingo Abr 2018

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Personality is defined as the set of habitual behaviors, cognitions and emotional patterns that evolve from biological and environmental factors. More behaviorally based approaches is defined personality through learning and habits.

 

Personality psychology is also divided among the first theorists, with a few influential theories being posited by Sigmund Freud, Alfred Adler, Gordon Allport, Hans Eysenck, Abraham Maslow, and Carl Rogers. The trait based approach has yielded multiple conceptions of personality, including a number of five factor models, Eyssenk´s traits, Cattel´s traits and Cloninger´s temperament and carácter traits.

Personality nuerotrasmisores

The biological basis of personality is the theory that anatomical structures located in the brain contribute to personality traits.. Tis stems from neuropsycology, which studies how the structure of the brain relates to various psychological processes and behaviors. In human beings, the frontal lobes are responsable for foresight and anticipation, and the occipital lobes are responsable for processing visual information. In addition, certain physiological functions such as hormone secretion also affect personality. Hormone testosterone is important for sociability (aggressiveness, and sexuality). Studies show that the expression of a personality trait depends on the volumen of the brain cortex it is associated with.

personality

It has been shown that personality traits ar more maleable by environmental influences than researches originally believed. The types of parents a person has, can affect and shape their personality. Children who were securely attached tend to be more trusting, sociable, and are confident in their day-to-day life.

 

The school of behaviorism emerged in the 1910´s, led by Jhon B. Watson. Unlike psychodynamic theorists, behaviorists estudy only observable behavior. Skinner, Bandura and Walter Mischel all proposed important behaviorist theories.

 

Burrhus Frederic Skinner (1904-1990) was an american psycologist, behaviorist, autor, inventor, and social philosopher. He was Edgar Professor of Psychology at Harvard Universtiy from 1958 until his retirement in 1974. Skinner is known for describing the principles of operant conditioning. He believed that the environment determines behavior. Behaviors that have positive consequences tend to increase, while behaviors that have negative consequences tend to decrease. Considered free will an illusion and human action dependen on consequences of previous actions. To study operant coditioning, he invented the operant conditioning chamber, also kcown as the Skinner Box, and to measure rate he invented the cumulative recorder. Developed behavior analysis, the philosophy of that science he called radical behaviorism and founded a school of experimental research psycology: the experimental analysis of behaviour.

 

Hans Jürgen Eysenck (1926-1997) was a German-born English psychologist who spent his profesional career in Great Britain. He is best remembered for his work on intelligence and personality. Was Professor of Psycology at the Institute of Psychiatry, King´s College London, from 1955 to 1983. He was a mayor to the modern scientific theory of personality and a brillant teacher who helped found treatment for mental illnesses. He suggests importance of genetic factors in producing the great variety of intelectual differences which we observe in our cultura. The two personality dimensions extraversión and neuroticism were described in his 1967 book Dimensions of Personality, It is common practice in personality psycology to refer to the dimensions by the first letters, E and N.
E and N provided a two-dimensional space to describe individual differences in behaviour. An analogy can be made to how latitude and longitude describe a point on the face of the earteh. Eysenck noted how these two dimensions were similar to the four persoality types first proposed by the Greek phsysician Galen.

 

High N and hig E: Choleric type
Hign N an low E: Melancholic type
Low N and high E: Sanguine type
Low N and low E: Phlematic type

Personalities

 

Jeffrey Alan Gray, a former student of Eyssenck´s, developed a comprehensive alternative theoretical interpretation (called Gray´s biospsychological theory of personality) of the biological and psychological data studied by Eysenck- leaning more heavily on animal and learning models. Is the Big Five model:

1. Conscientiousness
2. Agreeableness
3. Neuroticism
4. Openness to experience
5. Extraversion

 

 

Bibliography:

 

• The Physical Basis of Personality, V.H. Mottram´
Ed. Penguin Books, 1944

 

• Culture and Biological Man, Eliot D. Chapple, Ed. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc; 1970

 

• The Physical Basis of Personality, G. Lapage. Nature, volume 156, number 3974, 29 december, 1945

 

• The Physical Basis of Personality. Charles R. Stockard ; American Journal of Sociology 3, nº 2 , Sep. 1931

 

• Wikipedia

 

 

 

Relationated links:

• Personality and Behaviour
http://open.lib.umn.edu/intropsyc/chapter/11-1-personality-and-behavior-approaches-and-measurement/

 

• Stanford Enciclopedya: Behaviorism
https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/behaviorism/

 

• Psychiatry, Psychology King´s College London
https://www.kcl.ac.uk/study/subject-areas/psychiatry-psychology-and-neuroscience/index.aspx

 

 

 

 

 

 

Enciclopedia de Diderot y la Ciencia

01 domingo Abr 2018

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Fue la obra máxima de la Ilustración y medio de difusión de las ideas ilustradas. Sus editores fueron Denis Diderot (1713-1784), filósofo, ensayista, dramaturgo y novelista, y Jean le Rond d´Alambert (1717-1783, matemático y filósofo nacido en París. L´Encyclopédie, es la obra donde  se intentó poner juntos todos los conocimientos de la época, incluidos los más científicos y tecnológicos. Los siete primeros volúmenes son un diccionario normal de las letras y ciencias, el resto  se dedican a grabados y dibujos de los útiles de actividades económicas y productivas. El título completo era “ Diccionario razonado de las ciencias, de las artes y de los oficios”.

 

 

En el siglo XVIII, Europa experimenta una nueva corriente de ideas: el hombre se libera de la religión y se apoya en la razón y en el retorno a la naturaleza. La “filosofía experimental” es el verdadero campo de progreso del conocimiento humano, sólo lo concreto puede ser útil. La única manera de conocer el modelo es mediante lo concreto, anterior a lo abstracto.

 

 

La Enciclopedia debe hacer una síntesis y clasificación del saber humano y trazar una genealogía de los conocimientos. Establece un orden racional alfabético. Se basa en la clasificación de las facultades y las ciencias que estableció el filósofo Francis Bacon. El lector puede así circular por los conocimientos. Triunfó en toda Europa: Suiza, Italia, Inglaterra y Rusia. Diderot recurrió a autores conocidos de la talla de Montesquieu, Voltaire, Rousseau, Buffon. D´Alembert se ocupaba de las Matemáticas, Diderot de la Historia de la Filosofía, Buffon de las Ciencias de la Naturaleza, Paul-Joseph Barthez de la Medicina. La Enciclopedia está marcada por el interés de Diderot por la tecnología.

Encyclopedie_de_D'Alembert_et_Diderot_-_Premiere_Page_-_ENC_1-NA5

Comprende 17 volúmenes  con 71.818 artículos y 11 volúmenes de ilustraciones, suma unas 18.000 páginas de texto, 44.632 artículos principales; en 1751 salió el primer tomo de la imprenta, contando con un millar de suscriptores, el último de los once volúmenes de grabados apareció en 1772. Que se imprimieron unas 25.000 veces antes de finalizar el siglo.
En el III volumen de la Enciclopedia, Diderot edita el ensayo sobre la interpretación de la naturaleza. Diderot desarrollaba la “filosofía experimental”, la observación y experimentación de las cosas concretas. Verdadero campo para una “ciencia democrática” que no necesitaba complejidades matemáticas y en todo hombre reside una curiosidad por trabajar lo concreto. Esta corriente fue paralela al desarrollo de las ciencias positivas: Newton en matemáticas, Herschel en astronomía, Franklin en física y Lavoisier en química. Solo algunos filósofos eran ateos pero la mayoría eran deístas (acepta el conocimiento de la existencia de Dios a través de la razón y la experiencia personal).

 

Denis Diderot, nace en Langres (Francia), comenzó su educación en el colegio jesuita, y se convirtió profesor a los 19 años en el año 1732; se trasladó más tarde a París y estudió leyes en la Sorbonne, a mediados de la década de 1740, ya publicaba artículos en revistas y ejercía como traductor independiente en París. Era ateo, materialista, predarwinista, antimonárquico, prerromántico y defensor de la mujer, es el autor más radical del siglo XVIII francés. Figura decisiva de la Ilustración como escritor, filósofo y enciclopedista. Para Diderot, la razón se caracteriza por la búsqueda de conocimientos con fundamento científico y por la verificabilidad de los hechos observados empíricamente. Entre los años 1754 y 1765 desarrolló su “Teoría de la sensibilidad universal”. Las ciencias naturales no se distinguen por buscar un porqué, sino por encontrar soluciones a través de responder el cómo. Se dedicó a diferentes campos de la ciencia: química, física, matemáticas, historia natural, la anatomía y la medicina. Diderot murió en París, en 1784, a los 70 años de edad.

 
En el siglo XVIII, surge una nueva realidad cultural la de los enciclopedistas, se dirige la cultura a la población, distinguiéndose de la cultura del siglo XVII; hay una libertad de pensamiento al liberarse del absolutismo y ponerse los escritores al servicio de las nuevas corrientes; junto con la amplia difusión que tenía la lengua francesa; más que la inglesa. En la Francia del siglo XVIII existía un régimen monárquico absolutista, una iglesia católica poderosa integrada en la sociedad y una nobleza integrada en el orden social.

 
La obra de Diderot dio lugar a la enciclopedia filosófica realizada por Hegel y Fichte, herederos de la filosofía de la ilustración y de la revolución francesa.

 

Bibliografía:

• Moscoso Sarabia, Javier; “Ciencia y técnica en la Enciclopedia. Diderot y D´Alembert (Científicos para la Historia), 2005

 

• Villaverde, María José; Marín, Raquel; “Denis Diderot o la Pasión”, El País 5-10-2013

 

• Wikipedia

 

 

Links relacionados:

 

• Universidad de Paris Diderot
https://www.univ-paris-diderot.fr/spanish/sc/site.php?bc=accueil&np=accueil&g=m/

 

• ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANICA: Diderot
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Denis-Diderot